Content-based image retrieval is one of the interesting subjects in image processing and machine vision. In image retrieval systems, the query image is compared with images in the database to retrieve images containing similar content. Image comparison is done using features extracted from the query and database images. In this paper, the features are extracted based on the human visual system. Since the human visual system considers the texture and the edge orientation in images for comparison, the colour difference histogram associated with the image’ s texture and edge orientation is extracted as a feature. In this paper, the features are selected using the Shannon entropy criterion. The proposed method is tested using the Corel-5K and Corel-10K databases. The precision and recall criteria were used to evaluate the proposed system. The experimental results show the ability of the proposed system for more accurate retrieval rather than recently content-based image retrieval systems.

A double ambiguity has been charged against Rawls’s difference principle (DP). Is it Maximin, Leximin, or something else? Usually, following A. Sen, scholars identify DP with the so-called Leximin. One argues here that one has to distinguish 1° the Leximin, 2° the Maximin (as rule of justice formally analogous to the maximin rule of decision), represented by the figure in L of the perfectly substitutable goods, and 3° the genuine DP. When the augmentation of inequality benefits the worse off, only Pareto-strong improvements are permitted. Leximin would also permit Pareto-weak improvements too (after the first maximum D), where only the richest improves: from (2, 3) to (2, 5), say. This is forbidden by DP. With two classes, unlike Maximin, DP has no curve of indifference and is always decisive, as Leximin is. For undecisive Rules of Justice, which admit indifferent curves, I propose to add a lexically secondary rule, to break ties. That move is able to clarify the links and the differences between on the one hand Maximin alone, with its typical indifference curves in L, and on the other hand, the DP properly understood and the Leximin, which both have no indifferent curves. With two classes of persons (best off/worse off), DP appears more egalitarian than Leximin, because it's secondary rule is MinIn (Minimization of Inequality). But the intuition behind the distinction is that it cannot possible “fair” that only the best off improves in a productive social cooperation.

Ten colour emotional scales, namely, "Warm Cool", "Active-Passive", "Like-Dislike", "Clean-Dirty", "Fresh-Stale", "Modern-Classical", "Heavy-Light", "Hard-Soft", "Tense-Relaxed", and "Masculine-Feminine"are investigated for single-colour stimuli in CIELAB colour space within a psychophysical experiment by forty observers. The relationships between Iranian colour emotional responses and CIELAB colour coordinates are examined. Based on the results, colours with higher values of L*are associated to the emotional words, such as clean, light and soft. Colour with higher C* values are also associated to warm, modern, and masculine emotional words. Iranian colour emotional responses are also assayed in three existed colour emotional models, Li Chen Ou' s, Sato's and Xin-Cheng's models, for four colour emotional dimensions, "Warm-Cool", "Heavy-Light", "Active-Passive", and "Hard-Soft" scales. Results show that the Ou's model is a fairly good predictor for "Warm-Cool" scale, while the Xin-Cheng's model is a good predictor for "Heavy-Light" and "Hard-Soft" scales. In "Active-Passive" scale, none of the existed models are found to be a good predictor for Iranian colour emotional dimension.

Background and objectives: There is a body of historical evidence indicating the conscious use of colour in human lived spaces. However, today’s prevailing attitude is against colours, leaving spaces neutral and. The quest to understand the motivations behind usingcolours in the history of architectural thought has never brought definitive laws into light, as colours themselves have not held stable, cross-cultural meanings. Sparcehistorical studies on the presence of colour in architecture revolve around two approaches: understanding colour within a specific timeframe and tracking the presence of colour in the works of a particular architect. Ultimately, this has not led to a comprehensive knowledge regarding the historical role of colourin architecture. Given the substantial evidence of a correlation between colour and human emotions, developing knowledge in the field of colour is essential for empowering architects to manage visual forces and the emotional dimensions of architectural spaces. The present article serves as an introduction to establishing the knowledge about colourin architecture, and aimed at understanding the prevailing approaches in architectural thought and practice up to the modern era. Methods: The research can be categorised as interpretive-historical, as it reviews history while interpreting and analysing narratives and architectural works to present patterns governing the presence of colour throughout architectural history. The methodology is based on library studies, involving an in-depth examination of texts, images, and available films of buildings from various historical periods..Results and conclusion: Available sources do not encompass all dimensions of colour-related thought throughout history, with the passage of time having distorted colours, and colour photography not always available. In this context, referring to statements and examining architectural works that reflect the presence of colourinpre-modern interiors, as well as in contemporary exteriors, indicates two general currents. The first is termed Chromophilia, itself comprising of three approaches: colour as symbolism, colour as ornamentation, and colour as a structural aspect of architecture. The second current is chromophobia, which results from a tendency towards whiteness and eliminating colour pigments from the architectural space, resulting in the emergence of white and grey spaces as neutral backgrounds for human life. While the history of colour in architecture thoroughly refutes the claim that colour can be reduced to general laws, managing the presence of colour in architecture requires principles that transform it from merely an ornamental perspective into an integral aspect of architectural form. At the conclusion of this research, a new perspective on architectural colour emerges, viewing it as a structural element of architecture. A history review partially clarifies the initial necessities of this viewpoint, and further development of this knowledge necessitates broader field studies, which could be the subject of future research.

In this research we described the effective Hamiltonian theory and applied this theory to the calculation of current-current (Q1,2) and QCD penguin (Q3,…,6) c quark decay rates. We calculated the decay rates of semileptonic and hadronic of charm quark in the effective Hamiltonian theory. We investigated the decay rates of D meson decays according to Spectator Quark Model (SQM) for the calculation of D meson decays. We obtained the total decay rates of semileptonic and hadronic of charm quark in the effective Hamiltonian according to colour Favoured (C-F) and colour Suppressed (C-S). We combined them and to added amplitude of processes colour Favoured and colour Suppressed (F+S) and obtained the decay rates of them.

The synthesis of six new symmetrical disazo direct dyes containing 4,4’-diaminostilbene-2,2’-disulphonic acid as middle component and N-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, N-(2-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, N-(3-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide as coupling components is presented. The synthesized dyes were analyzed by thin layer chromatography, electronic spectra and HPLC technique. Their structures were elucidated by FT/IR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The CIELAB (1976) colour space was used in all the colour measurements for the six disazo stilbene dyes under the CIE recommended illuminants: D65 (natural day light), A (tungsten light), F2 (fluorescent light) and the standard 10° observer, respectively. The colour differences: DEab* and DECMC were calculated against one standard. The results reveal a good colouring power of the new azo-stilbene dyes.

Osmotic dehydration (OD) is an easy method for removing water from fruit and vegetable particles. In this study, apple slices were osmotically dehydrated in different hypertonic sucrose solutions and assisted with or without ultrasound. Sucrose concentrations, sonication power, and treatment time were the factors investigated concerning colour parameters and surface area changes of the apple slices during OD. As the sonication power increased from 0W to 150W, the lightness (L*) index values of apple slices reduced from 80.01 to 74.33. Also, with increasing sucrose solution concentration from 30°Brix to 50°Brix the lightness index values of apple slices decreased from 79.23 to 75.65. The results showed that the mean of a* and b* indexes values of dehydrated apple slices increased during OD period. The highest total colour difference (∆E) index (23.4) and lowest surface area (7.98 cm2) values were for the apple slices treated by the highest ultrasound power (150W, 40 kHz) and the highest sucrose solution concentration (50°Brix). The average surface area of fresh apple slices, dehydrated samples, hot-air drying samples, and rehydrated samples were 10.00 cm2, 8.62 cm2, 5.61 cm2, and 6.99 cm2, respectively. The results illustrated that the logistic equation was the best equation to explain the ∆E index changes of untreated and treated apple slices during OD.